Commodore Isaac Hull in the War of 1812

Commodore Isaac Hull in the War of 1812 Born March 9, 1773, in Derby, CT, Isaac Hull was the son of Joseph Hull who later took part in the American Revolution.  In the course of the fighting, Joseph served as an artillery lieutenant and was captured in 1776 following the Battle of Fort Washington. Imprisoned in HMS Jersey, he was exchanged two years later and assumed command of a small flotilla on Long Island Sound.   Following the end of the conflict, he entered the merchant trade sailing to the West Indies as well as whaling.   It was through these endeavors that Isaac Hull first experienced the sea.   Young when his father died, Hull was adopted by his uncle, William Hull. Also a veteran of the American Revolution, he would earn infamy for surrendering Detroit in 1812.   Though William wished his nephew to obtain a college education, the younger Hull desired to return to sea and, at age fourteen, became a cabin boy on a merchant vessel. Five years later, in 1793, Hull earned his first command captaining a merchant ship in the West Indies trade.   In 1798, he sought out and obtained a lieutenants commission in the newly re-formed US Navy.   Serving aboard the frigate USS Constitution (44 guns), Hull earned the respect of Commodores Samuel Nicholson and Silas Talbot.   Engaged in the Quasi-War with France, the US Navy sought out French vessels in the Caribbean and Atlantic.   On May 11, 1799, Hull led a detachment of  Constitutions sailors and marines in seizing the French privateer Sandwich near Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo. Taking the sloop Sally into Puerto Plata, he and his men captured the ship as well as a shore battery defending the harbor.   Spiking the guns, Hull departed with the privateer as a prize. With the end of the conflict with France, a new one soon emerged with the Barbary pirates in North Africa.   Barbary Wars Taking command of the brig USS Argus (18) in 1803, Hull joined Commodore Edward Prebles squadron which was operating against Tripoli.   Promoted to master commandant the following year, he remained in the Mediterranean.   In 1805, Hull directed  Argus, USS Hornet (10), and USS Nautilus (12) in supporting US Marine Corps  First Lieutenant Presley OBannon during the Battle of Derna.   Returning to Washington, DC a year later, Hull received a promotion to captain.   The next five years saw him oversee the construction of gunboats as well as command the frigates USS Chesapeake (36) and USS President (44).   In June 1810, Hull was appointed captain of Constitution and returned to his former ship.   After having the frigates bottom cleaned, he departed for a cruise in European waters.   Returning in February 1812, Constitution was in the Chesapeake Bay four months later when news arrived that the War of 1812 had begun.         Ã‚   USS Constitution Exiting the Chesapeake, Hull steered north with the goal of rendezvousing with a squadron that Commodore John Rodgers was assembling. While off the coast of New Jersey on July 17, Constitution was spotted by a group of British warships that included HMS Africa (64) and the frigates HMS  Aeolus (32), HMS Belvidera (36), HMS Guerriere (38), and HMS Shannon (38). Stalked and pursued for over two days in light winds, Hull used a variety of tactics, including wetting down the sails and kedge anchors, to escape.   Reaching Boston, Constitution quickly resupplied before departing on Aug. 2. Moving northeast, Hull captured three British merchantmen and obtained intelligence that a British frigate was operating to the south. Sailing to intercept, Constitution encountered Guerriere on Aug. 19. Holding his fire as the frigates neared, Hull waited until the two ships were only 25 yards apart. For 30 minutes Constitution and Guerriere exchanged broadsides until Hull closed on the enemys starboard beam and toppled the British vessels mizzen mast. Turning, Constitution raked Guerriere, sweeping its decks with fire. As the battle continued, the two frigates collided three times, but all attempts to board were turned back by determined musket fire from each ships marine detachment. During the third collision, Constitution became entangled in Guerrieres bowsprit. As the two frigates separated, the bowsprit snapped, jarring the rigging and leading to Guerrieres fore and main masts falling. Unable to maneuver or make way, Dacres, who had been wounded in the engagement, met with his officers and decided to strike Guerrieres colors to prevent a further loss of life. During the fighting, many of Guerrieres cannon balls were seen to bounce off Constitutions thick sides leading it to earn the nickname Old Ironsides. Hull attempted to bring Guerriere into Boston, but the frigate, which had suffered severe damage in the battle, began to sink the next day and he ordered it destroyed after the British wounded were transferred to his ship. Returning to Boston, Hull and his crew were hailed as heroes.   Leaving the ship in September, Hull turned command over to Captain William Bainbridge.   Later Career Traveling south to Washington, Hull first received orders to assume command of the Boston Navy Yard and then the Portsmouth Navy Yard.   Returning to New England, he held the post at Portsmouth for the remainder of the War of 1812. Briefly taking a seat on the Board of Navy Commissioners in Washington beginning in 1815, Hull then took command of the Boston Navy Yard.   Returning to sea in 1824, he oversaw the Pacific Squadron for three years and flew his commodores pennant from USS United States (44). Upon completing this duty, Hull commanded the Washington Navy Yard from 1829 to 1835.   Taking leave after this assignment, he resumed active duty and in 1838 received command of the Mediterranean Squadron with the ship of the line USS Ohio (64) as his flagship. Concluding his time abroad in 1841, Hull returned to the United States and due to ill health and increasingly advanced age (68) elected to retire. Residing in Philadelphia with his wife Anna Hart (m. 1813), he died two years later on February 13, 1843. Hulls remains were buried in the citys Laurel Hill Cemetery.   Since his death, the US Navy has named five vessels in his honor.   Sources: Biographies in Naval History: Isaac HullHeritage History: Isaac Hull

Steam Engines and the Industrial Revolution

Steam Engines and the Industrial Revolution The steam engine, either used on its own or as part of a train, is the iconic invention of the industrial revolution. Experiments in the seventeenth century turned, by the middle of the nineteenth, into a technology which powered huge factories, allowed deeper mines and moved a transport network. Industrial Power Pre 1750 Before 1750, the traditional arbitrary starting date for the industrial revolution, the majority of British and European industries were traditional and relied on water as the main power source. This was a well-established technology, using streams and waterwheels, and was both proven and widely available in the British landscape. There were major problems because you had to be near suitable water, which could lead you to isolated places, and it tended to freeze or dry up. On the other hand, it was cheap. Water was also vital for transport, with rivers and coastal trade. Animals were also used for both power and transport, but these were expensive to run because of their food and care. For rapid industrialization to take place, alternative sources of power were needed. The Development of Steam People had experimented with steam-powered engines in the seventeenth century as a solution to power problems, and in 1698 Thomas Savery invented his ‘Machine for Raising Water by Fire’. Used in Cornish tin mines, this pumped water with a simple up and down motion that had only limited use and couldn’t be applied to machinery. It also had a tendency to explode, and steam development was held back by the patent, Savery held for thirty-five years. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen developed a different type of engine and bypassed the patents. This was first used in Staffordshire coal mines, had most of the old limitations and was expensive to run, but had the distinct advantage of not blowing up. In the second half of the eighteenth century came inventor James Watt, a man who built on the development of others and became a major contributor to steam technology. In 1763 Watt added a separate condenser to Newcomen’s engine which saved fuel; during this period he was working with people involved in the iron-producing industry. Then Watt teamed up with a former toy manufacturer who had changed profession. In 1781 Watt, former toy man Boulton and Murdoch built the ‘rotary action steam engine’. This was the major breakthrough because it could be used to power machinery, and in 1788 a centrifugal governor was fitted to keep the engine running at an even speed. Now there was an alternative power source for the wider industry and after 1800 the mass production of steam engines began. Considering steams reputation in a revolution which is traditionally said to run from 1750, steam was relatively slow to be adopted. A lot of industrialization had already taken place before steam power was in major use, and a lot had grown and improved without it. The cost was initially one-factor holding engines back, as industrialists used other sources of power to keep start-up costs down and avoid major risks. Some industrialists had a conservative attitude which only slowly turned to steam. Perhaps more importantly, the first steam engines were inefficient, using a lot of coal and needed large-scale production facilities to work properly, while much industry was small scale. It took time (until the 1830s/40s) for coal prices to fall and industry to become large enough to need more power. The Effects of Steam on Textiles The textile industry had used many different sources of power, from water to human in the many laborers of the domestic system. The first factory had been built at the start of the eighteenth century and used water power because at the time textiles could be produced with only a small amount of power. Expansion took the form of expanding over more rivers for the waterwheels. When steam-powered machinery became possible c. 1780, textiles were initially slow to adopt the technology, as it was expensive and required a high starting cost and caused trouble. However, over time the costs of steam fell and use grew. Water and steam power became even in 1820, and by 1830 steam was well ahead, producing a large increase in the productivity of the textile industry as new factories were created. The Effects on Coal and Iron The coal, iron and steel industries mutually stimulated each other during the revolution. There was an obvious need for coal to power steam engines, but these engines also allowed for deeper mines and greater coal production, making the fuel cheaper and steam cheaper, thus producing more demand for coal. The iron industry also benefited. At first, steam was used to pump water back up into reservoirs, but this soon developed and steam was used to power bigger and better blast furnaces, allowing for an increase in iron production. Rotary action steam engines could be linked to other parts of the iron process, and in 1839 the steam hammer was first in use. Steam and iron were linked as early as 1722 when Darby, an iron magnate, and Newcomen worked together to improve the quality of iron for producing steam engines. Better iron meant more precision engineering for steam. More on coal and iron. The Importance of the Steam Engine The steam engine might be the icon of the industrial revolution, but how important was it in this first industrial stage? Historians like Deane have said the engine had little impact at first, as it was only applicable to large-scale industrial processes and until 1830 the majority were small scale. She agrees that some industries used it, such as iron and coal, but that the capital outlay only became worthwhile for the majority after 1830 because of delays in producing viable engines, high costs at the start, and the ease with which manual labor can be hired and fired compared to a steam engine. Peter Mathias argues much the same thing but stresses that steam should still be considered one of the key advances of the industrial revolution, one which occurred near the end, initiating a second steam-driven phase.

The differences between Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman Mosques Essay

The differences between Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman Mosques - Essay Example It was was founded in the eighth century by Suleiman Abd probably after the conquest of Aleppo. The mosque is slim, and its base is square having built using minaret. The Great Mosque is a six storey building divided by naskhi and Kufic inscriptions. Architected by Hassan Mufarraj, the Mosque has continuous moldings, pilasters, polyfoil arches and elaborate trefoil. It is the earliest extant monument in the prehistoric city of Aleppo and one hemicycle of the then city’s Byzantine cathedral still exists in the northern part of Bab Antikiyah (Ernst 38). Additionally, the mosque also has three major fragments: inscribed stones, grans antique and capitals. Moreover, the minaret of the Great Mosque in Aleppo is seen to be heavy with some relief ornament. The classicizing details, continuous moldings, cusped arches and certain idiosyncratic details all originate from the distinctive northwest Syria. The idiosyncratic details included pointed ovals that were inserted at the cusps of the moldings. The Mosque also is had mugarnas-like cornice on top of the shaft that helped to support the balcony. From a closer range, the masonry finishing does not look as fine as on the later ornamented style mosques in the Mamluk and Ottoman dynasties. The softer stones make the overall surface of the mosque to look smooth thus a finer finish. From a different dimension, the east and south courtyard facades preserve the significant sections of Nural-Din’s reconstruction of the mosques. Additionally, the complex Stereotomy of the ornamented style is left to free play and is accompanied by moldings drawn from local Late Antique monuments, inscriptions and finely dressed masonry that is beveled along the coursing. The Mosque was of great importance in the Muslim world since it is the oldest congregational mosque in the Islamic architecture (Burgoyne, 68). On the hand, the Mamluk dynasties new form of architecture evolved

Ethical Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical - Case Study Example They had a lot of duties as the duty needed a full day of effort. Taking into consideration the many stores in the chain of the company, then scheduling was a very expensive task to the company. By utilizing the computerized system of scheduling, the scheduling process will be conducted efficiently, and the store manager could utilize that devote time in running other businesses for the benefit of the company. Utilizing the system will enhance the company’s productivity and improve their customer satisfaction (Kampf, 2007). The management has gone ahead to site a 12 percent gain in productivity upon adoption of the computerized system of scheduling. The alerts from the system will also make the company make more money as workers will be cut back hours that they were on call and never attended the duty. On the other hand, adoption of the system there will cause a disruption of the employees causing a decrease in their job stability creating a financial hardship for the company. The scheduling computerized scheduling process is unpredictable requiring the workers to be more flexible with their working hours. The system may ask the works to be on call and resume work in case of a rush or even go home during a low spell. This will result to irregular working hours and inconsistent pays making it difficult for the employees to organize their lives. The system will improve the customer service without considering the consequences that it will have on the lives of the workers. The company requests its associates to submit their personal availability forms as the system restricts the number of hours scheduled. The associates of the company are in a dilemma as some have expressed their concerns as the system is enabling the managers to pressure them to quitting their jobs. The labor rights of the workers are not being respected by the computerized scheduling system as their needs are

Theoretical Framework in Nursing Process Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Framework in Nursing Process Essay Think back to the last time someone close to you became sick. Using Myra Estrin Levine’s conservation model: what would have been the focus of your assessment? How did the illness affect you and the rest of your family? Levine’s Conservation Model  is focused in promoting adaptation and maintaining wholeness using the principles of conservation. The model guides the nurse to focus on the influences and responses at the organismic level. The nurse accomplishes the goals of the model through the conservation of energy, structure, and personal and social integrity (Levine, 1967). Although conservation is fundamental to the outcomes expected when the model is used, Levine also discussed two other important concepts critical to the use of her model – adaptation and wholeness. (http://nursingtheories. blogspot. com, retrieved April 16, 2012) Now recalling the recent hospitalization of patient RG (my girlfriend) due to vaso-vagal syncope, I unknowingly applied all of the four conservation principles, as well as the major concepts that revolve around the model. A few days prior to admission, patient RG reported to began having episodes of constipation. Two hours prior to admission, she stated that she woke up due to severe abdominal pain and directly went to the bathroom. A few moments later she was found by her mom on the floor, just regaining her consciousness and with a deep, moderately bleeding, 2-cm laceration on the right cheek bone area. She was rushed to the emergency room and was eventually brought to the OR for repair of facial laceration by a plastic surgeon. I happened to be on duty at that time and, as expected, was the one to attend to her during her stay in the ER. Standard ER protocols would lead me to primarily assess for changes her level of consciousness (should the origin would be neurological in nature), followed by a brief review of systems – any variation from the normal vital signs would deem significant for a patient who’s chief complaint is loss of consciousness (should the origin would be cardiac in nature). Immediately, the theory of conservation would imply that the patient should temporarily be placed on bed rest while we still determine the possible cause of the problem (conservation of energy). Simultaneously, measures were done to revent infection from and further bleeding of the laceration (conservation of structural integrity). When the bleeding has been controlled and tests and other basic interventions have already been done, I tried on keeping her mind as far away as possible from worrying about the probable effects of the cheek injury and the development of a facial scar with her self-image perception (cons ervation of personal integrity). Lastly, as I was already on the outgoing shift, I made sure that I stayed with her even after my duty for additional support until she was brought up to the OR (conservation of social integrity). Once she was out of the OR, it was advised that she still be confined for the next 24 hours for observation and to make sure that the episode of loss of consciousness would not recur again. After being discharged, she was advised by her attending physician to rest for a additional week prior to going back to work. Apparently the facial damage has also exposed her facial nerves which also had to be repaired. In addition, her parotid gland has also been injured, causing facial swelling whenever she eats. For the next week she had to adapt with the condition and I was there for her helping her adjust with the challenges and though out the whole ordeal. To make matters worse, the injury on her facial nerves caused weakness on her facial muscles leaving her central incisors to become unstable, resulting into even more pain and discomfort when eating and chewing. This caused strain in our relationship as she was highly irritable most of the time. It was as hard for me and for the rest of her family as it was for her as we are all clearly affected by her disability/limitations. Still, that did not deter us from being all there to support her. In two weeks, the swelling improved and the pain went away. She started eating normally again and the scar on her face became barely noticeable. Without realizing it, I have put into good use Myra Levine’s conservation theory. B. Using Roy’s model of adaptation, what were her adaptive needs in the following modes: physiologic, interdependence, role function, and self-concept In the physiologic mode, adaptation is concerned about the preservation of physical integrity (Fawcett, 1984). Basic human needs such as oxygenation, nutrition, elimination, activity and rest, protection, and temperature regulation are identified with this mode. In addition, the body’s complex processes in the form of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances as well as the neurologic and endocrine functions are also taken into consideration (Manriquez, 2009). In the interdependence mode, emphasis is on the need for social integrity. Interdependence entails maintaining balance between dependence and independence of an individual’s relationship with others. Dependent behaviors can be observed as affection-seeking, help-seeking, and  attention-seeking. Independent behaviors include mastery of obstacles and initiative taking. Manriquez (2009) describes this as â€Å"the need is to achieve relational integrity using the process of affectional adequacy†, i. e. the giving and receiving of love, respect and value through effective relations and communication. In the role function mode, the need for social integrity is also emphasized. When human beings adapt to various role changes that occur throughout a lifetime, they are adapting in this mode. Knowing who one is, in relation to others, so one can act is the primary essence of this mode. â€Å"Role set† is the complex of positions that an individual holds which involve role development, instrumental and expressive behaviors as well as the role-taking process (Manriquez, 2009). In a group setup such as a family, the role can be assessed by observing the communication patterns. The need is role clarity, understanding and committing to fulfill expected tasks so the group can achieve common goals. For example, when a couple adjusts their lifestyle appropriately following retirement from full-time employment, they are adapting in this mode (Wikipedia retrieved April 24, 2012). In self-concept mode, the need for maintenance of psychic and spiritual integrity is its main function. Perceptions of one’s physical and personal self are included in this mode. (Wikipedia retrieved April 24, 2012). The goal is to exist with a sense of unity, meaning, and purposefulness in the universe (Manriquez, 2009).

The Story of Poseidon Essay -- History Greek Gods Mythology Essays

The Story of Poseidon (Roman - Neptune) Poseidon was the ruler of the sea, and a powerful god in Greek mythology who was often called the "Earth-shaker." His father was the Titan Cronus, who at the time was ruler of the Universe, and his mother was Rhea. Cronus was a paranoid ruler, because it had been prophesized that one of his own sons would dethrone him, just as Cronus had done to his father, Uranus. Thus, Cronus would swallow the children whom Rhea bore him. He figured that it was the safest way to ensure that none of his offspring overthrew him. One by one, the children were swallowed by Cronus: first Hestia, then Demeter, Hera, Hades and Poseidon. (Some mythographers claim that Rhea tricked Cronus by presenting a foal instead of the baby Poseidon for consumption, but most agree that Poseidon had been swallowed like the rest of his siblings.) Needless to say, this constant swallowing of her children enraged Rhea. She bore her third son, Zeus, in the middle of the night and gave him for safekeeping to Gaea (Mother Earth). She fooled Cronus into believing he had swallowed his new son by substituting a rock wrapped in baby blankets. When Zeus grew up, and with the help of Gaea and his mother Rhea, he slipped Cronus a potion that made the Titan disgorge the swallowed children. Being gods, they were unharmed, albeit a tad dazed and confused. With Zeus serving as their leader, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter and Hera waged war against the Titans for supremacy of the Universe. Assisted by the Cyclops (they gave Zeus his thunderbolts, Poseidon his trident and Hades his helmet of invisibility) and the Hecatoncheires (the Hundred-handed-ones), the siblings fought a terrible war that lasted ten years. In the end they were victorious, banishing their vanquished foes to the deepest depths of the Underworld, called Tartarus. This dark and woeful place is as far beneath the earth as heaven is above the earth. Around Tartarus runs a fence of bronze with gates of bronze, which Poseidon fixed in such as way as to offer no escape, and there the Titans were forever confined. After Zeus, with his brothers and sisters, defeated the Titans and dethroned Cronus, the three brothers drew lots out of a helmet to determine which one of the three realms each would rule. Zeus won the heavens and thus became the supreme ruler, Hades got the Underworld and Poseid... ...rms began, but when he drove in his golden chariot over the water, the storms subsided and tranquil peace followed his wheels. Neptune and his Horses By E. K. Birce, 1880 Ancient sailors and warriors would pray and offer tributes to the great Poseidon prior to undertaking a sea journey. In turn, Poseidon could be cruel and hostile to those who displeased him, such as the hero of the Trojan War, Odysseus, who suffered great tribulations at the hands of Poseidon while embarked on his Odyssey back home. Both the bull and the horse are associated with Poseidon, but the bull is associated with many other gods as well, so the horse can be considered his animal. He was always depicted carrying, or using, his distinguishing weapon, the trident, a three-pronged spear which he used to shatter and shake anything he pleased, much like his brother Zeus used his thunderbolts. That's why he was commonly referred to as the "Earth Shaker". The trident, his symbol, was the gift of the Cyclopes, who had fought with the Olympians versus the Titans. He was always accompanied by his son, Triton, who was half man, half fish. Triton would blow on his seashell to announce Poseidon's arrival.

Agricultural Science Essay

The poultry house was properly sanitized in order to keep the chicks healthy and warm in all weather conditions. This was also done to keep away diseases from the chicks. The poultry house was erected at an east – west orientation. * Tools were collected (e.g. broom, empty bags, disinfectant, shovel) * Old litter was shoveled up, bagged and removed to the compost heap. See figure 1. * Using the broom, the mesh and ceiling were cob-webbed. See figure 2. * Materials that were caked onto the floor was scraped using the shovel, the floor was then washed with disinfectant. The tarpaulin was hoisten for sunlight to penetrate the area. * The area was left to dry for two (2) days. * The tools were cleaned and dried then returned to the storeroom. Preparation of the Brooding Area (21|9|11) Brooding is the special care given to the chicks. Brooding is important as it keeps the chicks warm and safe when they are small. * A confined area was constructed for baby chicks. * Tools and materials were collected e.g. sawdust, newspaper, light bulb, waterers, feeders * Sawdust was placed on the floor and covered with newspaper to prevent the baby chicks from swallowing the sawdust. See figure 3. * The tarpaulin was rolled down to prevent cold air and water from entering the area. * An infra red bulb was placed in the brooding area to give warmth to the chicks. * Feeders and waterers were washed and disinfected. Water was placed in the waterers. They were then placed in the brooding area. See figure 4. * The foot bath was washed and disinfectant (Jeyes) was then placed in the foot bath to remove bacteria from the feet. See figure 5. Arrival of chicks (26|9|11) Upon the arrival of chicks, they were checked for abnormalities and were introduced to water before they were given feed. Daily Observations Daily observations are carried out from the arrival date to slaughtering date. During this period a number of activities were carried out. * Feeding: young birds are feed daily to enhance growth and health. * Washing of feeders and waterier. * Removal of old newspaper and replacing them with new ones. * Turning over the litter, with shovel and removing wet litter. * Removal of dead birds and tallying. * Adjust tarpaulin. * Adjust automatic feeder and waterer. Expansion Of Brooders(13|10|11) The chicks were removed from the brooding area to a larger section of the poultry house where they will stay until they are ready for slaughtering. Mortality Rate 75 chicks were bought and a total of 3 died. The mortality rate was worked out to be 4% (375*100) . Preparation for slaughtering A day before slaughtering feeding was withdrawn from the chickens so as to reduce wastage and also to prevent the presence of food in the crop when it is removed. However they were still allowed access to water. Slaughtering (16|11|11) The head of the birds were positioned downwards so that the blood could flow down easily. The heads were cut off using a sharp knife. The chickens were scalded and plucked. Scalding was done by immersing the chicks in a bucket with warm water for about 45-60 seconds. Scalding the chicks allowed the feathers to be removed easily; plucking was done immediately after the scalding process. The chickens were then eviscerated (process of removing everything inside the body and also the head and feet). This process involves * removing by making a cut behind the neck. * separating the esophagus, trachea and crop from the neck skin. * opening the body cavity by making a cut near the vent, extending the cut around the vent. * removing the viscera (including the lungs) through the opening. * washing the chickens thoroughly when all the contents of the cavity were removed * separating the heart, liver and gizzard; the heart was trimmed to remove any thing that may be attached to it. * trimming the gall bladder, carefully, away from the liver. * splitting the gizzard lengthwise and washing the contents away; the lining was peeled away to make it edible. During the eviscerating process the chickens were put on a sanitized table. After evisceration the carcass was cooled by using ice water. They were then bagged and marketed. Dressing & Marketing of Birds (16|11|11) Birds were defeathered and the contents were removed, the offals and the carcasses were placed in clean water and put to chill in ice water. After thirty minutes they were then drained and packaged. They were then placed in a refrigerator for storage. Cleaning up the area (16|11|11) The feathers were remove to a corner of the farm to be dried and burnt, the intestine was boiled, some was given to the dogs while the rest was disposed of, the slaughtering area was sanitized with disinfectant and washed and left to be dried for further use and also to keep away flies and other insects. Projected Income Output * Income Output = 375 lbs Price = $130.00 Projected income = 375 lbs * $130.00 $48,750 Projected Expenditure Spade $1,200.00 Booster $420.00 Broom $150.00 Hose $1,000.00 Waterer (2 * $950) $1,900.00 Feeder (2 * $950) $1,900.00 Dust Mask (1 pack) $600.00 Baby Chicks (75 * $63) $4,725.00 Plasson (2 * $3500) $7,000.00 Sawdust (5 * $200) $1,000.00 Tarpaulin (2 * $250) $500.00 Feed (12 * $1300) $15,600.00 Disinfectant Jeyes $900.00 Labour $3,000.00 Total $39,475.00 Surplus : Projected income – projected expenditure Surplus = $48,750.00 – $39,475 = $9,275.00 Actual Income and Expenditure Actual Income Output * Price Output = 225 lbs Price = $130.00 Actual Income = $29, 250.00 Actual Expenditure Booster (1 * $420) = $420.00 Dust Mask (1 * 450) = $450.00 Feed (12 * 1,300) =15,600.00 Baby Chicks (75 * $63) = $725.00 Labour =$3,000.00 Total = $24,195 Surplus: Actual Income – Actual Expenditure = $29,250.00 – $24,195.00 = $5,055.00 COST ANALYSIS Seventy five (75) chicks were bought, 72 were slaughtered due to a 4% mortality rate. It was estimated that all the seventy five (75) chicks bought would be slaughtered. The average weight per chick was 5lbs; the actual weight was 3.125lbs. This resulted in a change in the income, causing a decrease in profit. The actual income was $5,055.00 for chicken meat while the projected income was $9,275.00. The projected expenditure surpassed the actual by $15,280. This was due to fact that we did not purchase the spade, broom, hose, waterers, feeders, plasson, sawdust, tarpaulin and the disinfectant (Jeyes) as they were provided by the school. The projected income and expenditure was more than the actual, however, we still made a profit and not a loss. General comments Broiler production has become a popular farming activity in the West Indies (W.I.). In Jamaica poultry provide a source of income in a short period of time more than other farm works. To enter the world of poultry you do not need a larger start-up capital so you will find more and more people involve in the poultry business. Another factor is that in less than two month there is a turnover on the capital with proper management and a larger area of production. Since the required space per bird is 6 square inch (15 cm2). It was a success due to the fact that we made a profit and not a loss, however, we could make more profit if we(students) had paid more attention to the chicks. Recommendations * Increase the size of the poultry house and brooding area, in order to increase poultry production. * More attention could be paid to the chicks by students. * Provide a farm man to work on weekends and holidays. Conclusion After carrying the actual project it is concluded that the rearing of broiler bird takes a minimum of 6 weeks. With proper management boiler production also provide a good profit, it is also observed that boiler has a high dressing percentage and a good converter of feed using an average of two to three pounds of feed to provide one pound of meat.

Alaska Coffee Company Essay

Sure Powell was given input by his retail managers, employees and customers, but he wasn’t given any advice from people that new the company inside and out. All the people that offered him advice had no knowledge regarding the financials or other intricate facets of the company. If he had a board of directors he might be able to make more informed decisions that better serve the company as a whole. It is clear he also didn’t have a clear process for managers to go through to implement changes and or suggestions. The chain of command was vague and rarely used except by going directly to or through him. His attitude of â€Å"let it rip† is great because it gives employees freedom to thing outside the box and make them feel like they are a major part of the company but does not give any structure to them. His marketing background is most likely a key contributor to the company’s success in implementing new products and keeping customers coming back but with no real experience in running a company before this he lacked the human resource skills necessary for a company to thrive which is clear in his passive leadership role. External Environmental Analysis Some of the key external forces with company were in the beginning not really having any competition which let the company grow and lock down a loyal customer base. Also with the Alaskan environment suiting coffee drinkers because of the mild to colder weather. Staying confined in one city also helped the brand name grow through word of mouth and helped lock down business opportunities. Having a roaster facility in the city also cut down on expenses and helped keep the coffee fresh which was one of their staple trademarks to serve the freshest coffee possible. Internal Environmental Analysis Some of the key internal forces for ACC were the fact that the company was built on loyal workers who stayed in the company due to chances for promotion and growth. Along with that and Powell’s leadership style it let employees act somewhat freely and have input into a company that strived to stay away from a corporate feel. The quality of the products that they offered also helped them since they were considered to have the top of the line products some of which were considered to be the best in the world. Having a small chain of command is also beneficial to the employees because it allows them to get things done relatively quickly without having to wait for it to go through many different levels of management. With most customers saying that the coffee was addicting and the atmosphere was very pleasant it leads to a happy environment for customers and workers alike allowing for the business to strive. Another problem of the external environment is that the shops were not strategically located. The areas that they were placed in were researched to some extent but not fully like a major company like Starbucks would do to make sure they can get the most out of the market. Not only that but they didn’t own all the building or locations that they were in having leased some of the spaces with only year contracts. SWOT Analysis The opportunities to grow for the ACC seemed to be limitless since they had already successfully competed with local competition and it did not affect their bottom line to a level of concern for them until, world conglomerate Starbucks entered the scene. Once they came on scene it became clear that competition would become a threat and opportunities could and would shrink. This was and is the biggest threat to ACC since Starbucks is already a well known product that strives to give customers the â€Å"Starbucks Experience†. This is where the customer can feel comfortable getting the same service and products at any store in the world compared to ACC’s differently styled shops and styles of running the stores. This is probably of the greatest concern since most of their stores have different layouts and feels you can’t go to one ACC store and then go to another and feel like it is just like the one you already visited. One strength that ACC has is that it is a local company built on staying small and having a non corporate feel. They also strive to employee young workers in a state that is economically stricken and worried about their young adults leaving the state to live elsewhere. One weakness I believe that they have is that their merchandise can be over priced and even though started to compete with lower priced items there were no real studies done on how well the products would do. One of their major weaknesses is their human resources department and their lack of technical support. They switched to new major software with no one that could fix a problem if one occurred. Business-Level Strategy Their strategy was to find a way to keep their customers loyal while offering the best possible choices in specialty coffees and to help contribute to the great state of Alaska’s economy. Their potential for success I believe is still quite good. As long as Powell can overhaul is leadership strategy and his chain of command, I think they could become even more profitable than they already are. He needs to make a lot of changes but he has the right idea and now he just needs to build on it. Even though it may not be the Alaskan way of doing things he needs to come up with written ways and policies to go about key things in his business. The communication chain also must be improved for the business to continue to be successful. Cooperative Strategy ACC has some key alliances in place already with major retailers already selling their products in wholesale as well as, disturbing them as needed. Having an alliance with an already established local produce market has obviously been key to their early success and I would guess that those are the stores that continue to post the most profits. Since they do not have a written agreement in place I would recommend that he do so because if he were to lose those locations to say Starbucks, it could be detrimental to his business. Even though some of the major retailers already offer Starbucks products to the public, it is important that ACC stays on good terms with them so as not to lose their business since they are solely confined to Alaska any lose of a major retailer could have vastly negative effects. It is also key that stay in good relationships with the companies that they do their major business with for the same reasons as above. Options and Recommendation In order for ACC to stay in the specialty coffee market, they will need to do some drastic overhauling. Starting with Powell, he needs to establish a direct chain of command and follow through with it. He already gives managers leeway with projects but he has to help them make more informed decision so that he will not have to cancel projects. He also needs to bring in a financial analyst to help teach his managers how to budget and be more open with the financials of the business. After that he needs to revamp his human resource department and definitely bring in an IT specialist to help deal with any software issues. While he also needs to bring in people to train all the essential employees on how to use the software adequately enough that they will be able to teach new employees. I would say he then needs to have a clear line of vision of where he wants the company to go and how he wants it to get there. In order to do that I believe he needs a committee or a board of directors to help weigh in on decisions and help spark new ways and ideas of innovating and implementing strategies. It is also apparent that he needs to upgrade his facilities so that they can operate at full capacity which will also help get rid of some of the overhead he has. Then he needs to establish one way that all stores will look and future stores will be laid out. The one thing that he may not want to do because it may seem like they are going corporate but there are too many uncertainties from one store to the next. They do not have to be identical but the way things are done internally and as far as customer service goes that should be. Overall I think ACC can last and be the main Specialty Coffee supplier in Alaska he just needs to do a little overhauling.

Holocaust Ghettos Essay Example

Holocaust Ghettos Essay Example Holocaust Ghettos Paper Holocaust Ghettos Paper In this paper, I will discuss what life would be like to be a Jew inside one of the 1,000 of ghettos within Poland and the Soviet Union. I will imagine myself a member of the Jewish council, describing the conditions of ghetto life and reflect on my role and relationships inside the ghetto. Ghettos were set up all over Poland and the Soviet Union, with some of the major ghettos Including Warsaw, Load, Love, Lubing, Krakow, and Bilabials. The German authorities were supposed to oversee the dally actively of the Jews Inside the ghettos. Instead, the Nazis appointed Jewish Councils or Juddered In each ghetto to implement Nazi policies. The Jewish Council served at the whim of the German authorities but also tried to be the voice for the Jews. In each ghetto the Jewish Council also distributed scarce resources, organized social life, set up charities, and tried to find ways to maintain some kind of human community (Genocide 1 15). As the book explains, They [Nazis] appointed recognized Jewish leaders-prominent people, businessmen, teachers, lawyers-to these boards and assigned them the task of carrying out German orders within the ghettos (Genocide 115). Living conditions Inside the Ghettos were absolutely horrendous with overcrowding, starvation, disease, little running water or electricity, lack of medical aid, and hard labor. Alternative ways to feed their females by smuggling In food or sending their children out to find food became prominent as the Jews sought any means possible to keep themselves fed. There was already famine at that time in the Ghetto, and the streets were littered with people dying of hunger (Images 137). Very little resistance was possible in most of the ghettos, as the Nazis kept a strict eye on everything. As we saw in the movie, The Pianist, a young boy was beaten to death limning through a small hole in the wall trying to bring food back into the ghetto (The Pianist). Jews were given small rations of food a week that could barely feed one person. Jews were made to contribute to the German war effort by working in German factories making uniforms, boots, bed linen, and underwear. The reason why working cards were so essential was because It was the only way the Jews could officially stay In the ghettos. They were given more of an opportunity to not be deported to the death camps by working. Jews who didnt have work cards frantically tried to get them. We saw that In the movie when Adrian Brood got his father a work card to save him. He believed that if he got everyone in his family a work card then teen would stay together ( plants). I nee wealthy Jews were Trace to live Walt poor Jews but they seemed to live a better life by buying what they wanted. Only the wealthy Jews could buy on the black market. The Pianist gave us an idea about the class divisions between the wealthy and poor Jews. Adrian Brood played a pianist, and in one scene he was playing in a cafe © where the wealthy Jews ate. While the poor Jews were on the streets dying, starving, and dirty, the wealthy Jews were smoking, ringing, laughing, and listening to good music (The Pianist). The Jewish Councils relationship with the Nazis was an uncommon one. To a lot of the Jewish leaders it was a burden. They were powerless to help but yet they were forced to do what the Nazis wanted. In cases when members of the councils refused to cooperate, German officials dismissed them or had them shot and then replaced with more compliant men (Genocide 115). Some believed that cooperating with the Germans would help them survive longer but they too eventually were killed. There was a love hate relationship with their fellow Jews. Above them loomed German orders; below them spread the ever more desperate needs of the Jewish communi ties (Genocide 116). Some of the Jews resented the Jewish Council, saying they should have warned them or done more. They didnt like the Council collaborating with the Germans. The Jewish Councils tried to help their people, to maintain order, save lives, and to feed, clothe, and doctor the Jews in the ghettos (Genocide 116). There was hostility from their own people and in some ways it pushed them to behave the opposite of their goal. They tried to mediate and plead on the Jews behalf. Some Council members helped with the resistance and some believed it would doom the entire ghetto. An example of the Jewish Council in the ghetto is, New proclamations from the Juddered have been hung up which have caused panic among the Jews. The families of those working are no longer protected (Images 161). The Jewish Council formed its own Jewish Order Police. The Jewish police were also made to enforce order and deport Jews following the commands of the Germans. Like the Council, the Order Police were also disliked among the ghetto tenants. The purpose of the police was to prevent crime, supervise notation, and direct traffic. The Jewish police delivered to the Germans exactly the number of people needed, rounding them up any way they could, beating and kicking those who didnt want to go (Images 141). They collected ransom payments, stole valuables, fetched people for forced labor, forced payment of taxes, guarded the gates, and rounding up Jews for deportations. One of the problems with the police was evident in, A Cup of Tears, The Jewish police have been looting, breaking open flats, emptying cupboards, smashing crockery and destroying property, Just for the UN of it (Images 158). Henry Gordon proclaimed, It wasnt long before the Jewish police had an opportunity to profit even more from our misery (Images 141). There were a lot of problems and tension with the Jewish police. Ghetto police carried out the orders of the Nazis, assisting with deportations, punishment and oppression. Deportation required organization on a massive scale with the help of many people and organizations. Jews would be rounded up from the Ghettos and made to prepare for their resettlement taking with them few of their most valuable possessions, IT teen were addle. I nee Germans uses Torrent Ana passenger trains for the deportations. The Germans demanded that members of the Jewish council assist in organizing the deportations. The Wannabes Conference was held to coordinate the deportation of Jews to killing centers. The Germans attempted to disguise their intentions. They sought to portray the deportations as a resettlement of the Jewish population in labor camps in the East. They were consumed by fear and anxiety, not knowing their fate. By now an ever-growing number of Jews tended to believe the horrible new rumors that all the German remises were false and that the so called resettlement actually meant only one thing-death (Images 145). In, The Pianist, we saw how Jews were rounded up in small areas waiting for the trains. Some of the Jews were questioning it and some didnt want to believe that they were being sent to their death. We also saw the family working, taking the valuables out of thousands of suitcases from the people who were deported. Obviously they never came back but no one really knew for sure what was happening (The Pianist). Every day children became orphaned, and many had to take care of even younger children. Orphans often lived on the streets, begging for bits of bread from others who had little or nothing to share. Many froze to death in the winter. They were broken full of despair. Simon tells us that, Little Eli in the Ghetto survived miraculously the many raids on the children, who were looked upon as non-working, useless mouths (Images 137). Women and children were usually the first to be deported because they werent as useful as the men. It looks like there is a policy to liquidate women and children (Images 156). The fear of keeping their wives and children fed and hiding them from the Germans consumed most men. Kristin Kern explains, My father was always looking for places to hide my little brother, Pale, and me because the Germans were intent on getting rid of all the Jewish children (Images 46). The way that families dealt with their fate and their families fate included giving up their children to save themselves, hiding, working, becoming part of the resistance, committing suicide, doing whatever you can to fed and clothe your family, and escape. Some people followed their families on the deportation trains even when they had work cards because they didnt want to leave heir family. I personally would hide, escape, and do anything to save my family and myself. Many Jews responded to the ghetto restrictions by forming Jewish resistance groups and engaging in illegal activities. Others believed that becoming part of the Jewish Council mediating between the Germans and Jews would help maintain order and save lives and some became servants to the Germans, with the power and cruelty of the Jewish Police. In the end, ghettos were used as a central step in the Nazi process of control, demutualization, and annihilation of Jews.

Sending Emails With Attachments Using Delphi Indy

Sending Emails With Attachments Using Delphi Indy Below are instructions for creating an email sender that includes an option for sending email messages and attachments directly from a Delphi application. Before we begin, consider the alternative... Suppose you have an application that operates on some database data, among other tasks. Users need to export data from your application and send the data through an email (like an error report). Without the approach outlined below, you have to export the data to an external file and then use an email client to send it. Sending Email From Delphi There are many ways you can send an email directly from Delphi, but the simplest way is to use the ShellExecute API. This will send the email using the default email client installed on the computer. While this approach is acceptable, youre unable to send attachments this way.   Another technique uses Microsoft Outlook and OLE to send  the email, this time with attachment support, but MS Outlook is then required to be used. Yet another option is to use Delphis built-in support for the Windows Simple Mail API. This works only if the user  has a MAPI-compliant email program installed. The technique were discussing here uses Indy  (Internet Direct) components - a great internet component suite comprised of popular internet protocols written in Delphi and based on blocking sockets. The TIdSMTP (Indy) Method Sending (or retrieving) email messages with Indy components (which ships with Delphi 6) is as easy as dropping a component or two on a form, setting some properties, and clicking a button. To send an email with attachments  from Delphi using Indy, well need two components. First, the TIdSMTOP is used to connect and communicate (send mail) with an SMTP server. Second, the TIdMessage handles the storing and encoding of the messages. When the message is constructed (when TIdMessage  is filled with data), the email is delivered to an SMTP server using the TIdSMTP. Email Sender Source Code Ive created a simple mail sender project that I explain below. You can download the full source code here. Note:  That link is a direct download to the ZIP file for the project. You should be able to open it without any problems, but if you cant, use 7-Zip to open the archive so you can extract out the project files (which are stored in a folder called SendMail). As you can see from the design-time screenshot, to send an email using the TIdSMTP component, you at least need to specify the SMTP mail server (host). The message itself needs the regular email parts filled out, like the From, To, Subject, etc. Heres the code that handles sending one email with an attachment: procedure TMailerForm.btnSendMailClick(Sender: TObject) ; begin   Ã‚  StatusMemo.Clear;   Ã‚  //setup SMTP   Ã‚  SMTP.Host : ledHost.Text;   Ã‚  SMTP.Port : 25;   Ã‚  //setup mail message   Ã‚  MailMessage.From.Address : ledFrom.Text;   Ã‚  MailMessage.Recipients.EMailAddresses : ledTo.Text , ledCC.Text;   Ã‚  MailMessage.Subject : ledSubject.Text;   Ã‚  MailMessage.Body.Text : Body.Text;   Ã‚  if FileExists(ledAttachment.Text) then TIdAttachment.Create(MailMessage.MessageParts, ledAttachment.Text) ;   Ã‚  //send mail   Ã‚  try   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  try   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SMTP.Connect(1000) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SMTP.Send(MailMessage) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  except on E:Exception do   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  StatusMemo.Lines.Insert(0, ERROR: E.Message) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if SMTP.Connected then SMTP.Disconnect;   Ã‚  end; end; (* btnSendMail Click *) Note:  Inside the source code, youll find two extra procedures that are used to make the values of the Host, From, and To edit boxes persistent, using an INI file for storage.

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

E-Business - Essay Example The web site itself can be very complex, depending on its functions, features, and more importantly, the level of security provided to customers. The worst scenario is to make the web site unnecessarily complicated that yields to undesired consequences such as incurring extra costs and making troubleshooting much more difficult. This is a consequence of not having a well-documented plan in place. A Web service is a software system planned to maintain interoperable interaction between computers over a network." Web services are Web APIs that can be accessed over a network, for instance, Internet. Web services are a collection of tools that can be used in a number of ways. RPC is a style of Web services which provides a dispersed utility call interface that is well-known to several developers. Normally, the fundamental component of RPC Web services is the WSDL operation. Web services are also used to apply a design according to Service-oriented architecture (SOA) models, in this situation the basic unit of communication is a message, instead of an operation. Representational state transfer is also a web service which effort to follow HTTP and related protocols by limiting the interface to a set of well-known, standard operations such as Get, Put, Delete. This web service uses WSDL to express SOAP messaging over HTTP, which defines the operations. Service Oriented Architecture is an architectural approach that leads all features of developing and using business processes, put together as services, all the way through their lifecycle, in addition to defining and provisioning the Information Technology infrastructure that permits different applications to exchange data and contribute in business processes loosely coupled from the operating systems and programming languages underlying those applications. SOA corresponds to an infrastructure in which functionality is