How the backout 1977 effect on Hip Hop - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2038 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/12 Category Music Essay Level High school Tags: Hip Hop Essay Did you like this example? Over the last thirty-seven years Hip Hop has slowly but surely become a staple of American society and has achieved notoriety all over the world. Not only is Hip Hop music consistently one of the highest selling genres of music of any kind on the market today, but Hip Hop as a whole is highly influential in dictating trends of all kinds as well. On a macro level, large corporate entities use Hip Hop as a productive means of product promotion, marketing, and advertising. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How the backout 1977 effect on Hip Hop" essay for you Create order On a micro level Hip Hop dictates fashion, hairstyle, dialect, car choice, everyday mannerisms, musical preference, and even common greetings. The term Hip Hop itself has almost become a synonym for popular culture. Hip Hop is not a phenomenon. As it enters its fifth decade in existence, it is safe to say that Hip Hop is here to stay. With this in mind, the question becomes what is Hip Hop and where did it come from? The region known as the South Bronx is actually not a specific singular neighborhood but rather it is a group of neighborhoods located in the southwestern portion of New York Citys Bronx borough. While there is debate over which neighborhoods exactly constitute the South Bronx, it is clear that sections of the borough such as Hunts Point, Mott Haven, and Port Morris each make up the South Bronx. According to former Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer, the term the South Bronx did not exist before the 1960s. He contends that in reality the term was really just an inve ntion, a shorthand way to describe physically decaying neighborhoods, rising crime and rising poverty. Before the 1960s, the Bronx was divided into the West Bronx and East Bronx. In essence, the term South Bronx originated during the 1960s as a racial construct used to define areas in the southern portion of the borough containing nearly homogeneous populations of low-income African Americans and Latinos. Therefore, most of the borough south of the Cross Bronx Expressway and west of the boroughs Castle Hill section is designated as the South Bronx for geographically, socioeconomic, and racial reasons. Virtually all notable Hip Hop scholars recognize that beginning with Sugar Hill Records in late 1979 small independent record companies, some previously in existence and others newly formed, began signing MCs and releasing rap records on vinyl, which allowed audiences outside of the South Bronx to consume Hip Hop as a recorded, tangible commodity for the first time. Most also acknowledge that the culture has become completely commercialized over the years by corporations and used as a ma rketing tool. This thesis contends that initial investments in Hip Hop by local New York City and New Jersey based independent record companies and other small corporate entities paved the way for large corporate conglomerates to use Hip Hop for profit as well. Between 1973 and 1979 Hip Hop culture, with the exception of graffiti art, was not visible outside of New York City. DJing, MCing, and breakdancing were restricted to the Bronx and parts of Upper Manhattan. At first, youth in these areas experienced Hip Hop by attending DJs parties at local Boys and Girls Clubs, school gymnasiums, community centers in public housing projects, and multipurpose rooms in apartment buildings. As Hip Hop expanded, DJs began to perform at outdoor block parties, in parks, and at local nightclubs. According to Hip Hops first photographer Joe Conzo Jr., during this period the goals of Hip Hop had nothing to do with making money. In fact on a telephone interview from his home, Conzo stated, it was a young group of ki ds rebelling and playing their moms records at local jams throughout the desolate South Bronx.17 Michael Holman, creator of the television show Graffiti Rock, a show that got cancelled after one episode, furthers Conzos claim by contending, Hip Hop was truly a response to these kids being marginalized. It was a way of them saying we are not nobodies, we are somebody. Hip Hop is really look at me.18 Hip Hop was a lifestyle aimed at having fun, garnering respect on the streets, and indulging in inexpensive forms of artistic self-expression. It had no connections to the corporate music industry whatsoever. However, in 1979 this all changed when Sylvia Robinson of Sugar Hill Records conceived the idea of recording MCs raps and distributing them nationwide as a new genre of popular music. In order to understand the argument that beginning in 1979 independent record companies, most notably Sugar Hill Records, commodified Hip Hop culture by recording MCs raps onto 12-inch vinyl records for retail distribution and damaged the cultures authenticity in the process, it is necessary to comprehend the importance of authentic 1970s cultural institutions in the Bronx and Harlem. For example, Hip Hop was born in an apartment building located at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the Bronx. The building, which was erected in 1969, served the Bronx community by providing affordable housing to low-income residents and keeping them off the waiting lists for high-rise public housing projects. According to the spokesperson for Save 1520, an organization founded to combat gentrification efforts threatening to make the buildings affordable housing status obsolete, throughout the early 1970s 1520 Sedgwick Avenue made it possible for working families like DJ Kool Hercs to thrive and create the commu nities that gave rise to hip-hop.19 It is clear that this apartment building served a very important purpose to its South Bronx community during the 1970s, a decade in which the Bronx witnessed unparalleled urban decay. 1520 Sedgwick Avenue existed as an authentic Bronx cultural institution by providing both the socioeconomic and physical settings that made Hip Hops creation possible and by standing as a strong, private-sector affordable housing complex that did not fall victim to arson or condemnation during the most turbulent of years. In addition, nightclubs and local parks functioned as authentic cultural institutions in the Bronx and Harlem during the mid to late 1970s as well. In 1974, a variety of clubs throughout sections of the Bronx and Harlem began to embrace Hip Hop as a performance art and contracted DJs, most notably Kool Herc, to hold jams in their establishments. In Cant Stop Wont Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation, Jeff Chang describes this process. After becoming well known for his house parties on Sedgwick Avenue and the surrounding neighborhood, Chang writes that local clubs such as Twilight Zone, which was located on Jerome Avenue, and The Hevalo Club often featured DJ Kool Herc and his crew of MCs.20 Soon other local Hip Hop DJs, who had built their reputations up throughout the house party scene in the Bronx as Herc had before them, began spinning at clubs such as Harlem World, Savoy Manor, Your Spot, Plaza Tunnel, and many others.21 These clubs were cultural institutions within their Br onx and Manhattan communities. They provided neighborhood DJs, which were Hip Hops central figures throughout the 1970s, with a place to hold organized jams, demonstrate their artistic skills, and solidify their reputations within the close-knit Hip Hop community. In order to be allowed to deejay in such a cultural institution, DJs had to be established within the inner circle of the local Hip Hop community. If not, people would not attend the functions. The arduous process of becoming well known and respected as a DJ on the local Bronx house party circuit granted DJs a sense of authenticity. Once established, playing in the clubs gave Bronx DJs a further sense of authenticity, legitimacy, and notoriety within their communities. Soon, as Chang explains, Hip Hop jams moved to outdoor parks in the South Bronx, most notably Cedar Park, which was located at the corner of Cedar Avenue, Sedgwick Avenue, and West 179th Street. This occurred during the summer months both because of the nice weather and because gangs made club jams unsafe.22 In order to hold a highly attended, successful park jam at a cultural institution such as Cedar Park, DJs had to have a well-established, positive reputation within the South Bronx Hip Hop community. At first, DJ Kool Herc dominated the outdoor jams at Cedar Park because of his impeccably large sound system and status as Hip Hops founder. However, over time other DJs learned from Herc and began holding large outdoor jams as well. During the mid to late 1970s, the Hip Hop community bestowed authenticity upon DJs based on the size and volume of their sound systems, the rarity of their records and quality of their breaks, and the crowd excitement generated by their MCs. Performing i n parks like Cedar Park granted a sense of authenticity to DJs and MCs. These performers statuses became even more authentic if their jams garnered large crowds, if their parties lasted for long-periods, and if their names were well known throughout the community. This authenticity was central to Hip Hop culture between 1973 and 1979. Without it, it would be nearly impossible to become recognized within the culture. Before various corporate entities realized the high marketability of Hip Hop, enabled its commercialization, distributed it as a tangible commodity, and transformed it into one of the most popular music genres and forms of entertainment in the world, Hip Hop existed as a localized artistic musical, social, and cultural phenomenon born in the South Bronx and eventually spreading to other areas of New York City. The cultures beginnings date back to 1973 when eighteen year old Jamaican immigrant Clive Campbell, better known as DJ Kool Herc, threw a back to school party for his little sister Cindy in the recreation room of an apartment building located in the far western portion of the South Bronx. As Chang indicates, by the time DJ Kool Herc threw this party he had already been heavily influenced by the sociopolitical and musical cultures of his native Jamaica. He grew up in Jamaica between 1955 and 1967, a period in which the country endured severe political conflict, violence, and unr est. However, through all of this turmoil, music remained a critical part of Jamaican culture. Musicians often threw outdoor parties and concerts where they showed off their tremendous sound systems. These parties gave young people the opportunity to temporarily escape from the violence around them. As a young boy, Clive Campbell witnessed all of the struggles plaguing his native Jamaica and learned from the islands sound system operators and musical traditions.35 An analysis of Changs arguments makes it is clear that both his experiences as a young boy growing up in an extremely turbulent sociopolitical climate and his exposure to unique Jamaican musical traditions prepared him for life in the South Bronx and enabled him to create an innovative musical culture in his new environment. On August 11, 1973 DJ Kool Herc created Hip Hop in the recreation room of an apartment building located at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the Bronx and deejaying became the first element of Hip Hop culture. DJ Kool Herc moved to the South Bronx in 1967, three years before street gangs composed of misguided, marginalized youth began to terrorize the area, which had already suffered from the effects of deindustrialization, arson, and other socioeconomic and physical ills of urban decay36. These gangs made many aspects of life in the South Bronx difficult for youth, including recreational and social activities. For example, teenagers often frequented disco-oriented clubs throughout the city beginning in the late 1960s. However, according to Hip Hop author and journalist Peter Shapiro, street gangs had a serious, detrimental effect on this club scene after 1970. He argues that gangs made disco clubs intolerable with their menacing presence.37 Discos failed to draw large crowds from the South Br onx and other low-income African American and Latino neighborhoods, not only because many of the teens in the area did not identify with the culture surrounding disco, but more importantly because many of the most prominent clubs cover charges were too expensive for South Bronx youth to afford.38 It is evident that as of 1973, adolescents and young adults from the area were eager for a new musical culture and affordable recreational activity to embrace. Therefore, when DJ Kool Herc threw his back to school party in August of 1973, a party with cheap admission and no disco music, teenagers from all over the predominantly African American and Latino, low-income sections of South Bronx were excited to attend. They were not disappointed.

Family Nurse Practitioner Personal Statement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 950 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Nursing Essay Level High school Tags: Nurse Practitioner Essay Did you like this example? Growing up in a rural community helped develop my core beliefs of family, community, compassion, honesty, and loyalty. It also taught me that anything deserving requires hard work. Becoming a Nurse Practitioner through Lincoln Memorial University will provide a lifelong career that has meaning and value to me. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Family Nurse Practitioner Personal Statement" essay for you Create order My goal is to provide advanced care in a rural underserved community where I can form close bonds with my patients and families in need of healthcare and gain their trust as a respected practitioner. I believe education and prevention play a huge role in primary care and that would be a main focus of mine while practicing. Lincoln Memorial University believes that a major cornerstone of meaningful existence is service to humanity and that speaks volumes to me. The community I grew up in gave me so many opportunities and helped mold me into the person I am today. Ultimately, I want to give back to rural communities in the way they’ve given to me and really impact people’s lives who need it most. My interest in nursing started during high school when I took a health science class. I volunteered at a nursing home and soon discovered through the interactions with the patients how comforting a conversation, smile, or helpful hand could be. I developed close relationships with some of the patients and will always cherish not what I did for them, but what they taught me about life. At this time I realized how important the connection I made with these patients was, and it solidified my desire to pursue nursing. During my two and a half years of bedside nursing in critical care, I have learned a great deal about myself. There are many experiences I have to reflect on but one will always stand out to me. I had a patient and family who had been waiting all day for the results of a lung biopsy. Finally, around 1600 the doctor came in and broke the news that the patient had stage 4 lung cancer and three months to live. I could see the shock and numbness flood the patient and family members’ bodies. The doctor continued talking very quickly giving them their options and then just walked out of the room as if nothing had happened. The family was in such a state of shock they hadn’t even heard their â€Å"options.† I explained everything to them on a more personal level and just sat with them for a moment trying to help them process the information. They were very appreciative that I had taken the time to do so. This experience alone made me realize I wanted to do primary care. Making relationships with my patients and building trust through holistic quality care is extremely important to me. It is so easy to become desensitized to these types of situations and become too busy to take time to sit down with patients and listen to their stories, but I like to remind myself that each patient is going through a very vulnerable and possibly life-changing experience. They deserve the same type of respect I would give a family member going through the same situation. I love being a nurse but have a desire to learn more. Obtaining an advanced degree will increase my overall understanding of the whole picture of the disease process. For example, learning what goes into education, prevention, diagnosing and treating of patients. As a family nurse practitioner education and prevention would be a main focus of mine. Chronic diseases are a major cause of death and many of these are preventable. As a critical care nurse, I have seen a lot of chronic diseases that have progressed to late stages and always wonder if there would have been a different outcome had prevention played a role in this patient’s life early on. A lot of time as an Advance Practice Registered Nurse would be devoted to education and health promotion through counseling sessions on important topics, regular check-ups, and routine screenings. I have a particular interest in cancer prevention and screenings because personally, I have seen many family members get diagnosed at late stages. This is something I want to help prevent for other families by appropriately educating and screening. Having interactions with nurse practitioners on my unit and seeing how much knowledge they have, not only of the health concern but also of the patients themselves has left an impression on me. To truly treat patients holistically in every aspect is what I aspire to do. Ultimately rural communities have my heart as I am from a rural community. Volunteering with Remote Area Medical has allowed me to see what serving an underserving population looks like as they offer free clinics to people who have no insurance. For some of these patients, it is the only access they have to healthcare all year. As a family nurse practitioner, I would want nothing more than to provide healthcare to these types of populations. With little to no access to healthcare, these people need the most help. It would be so rewarding to make this kind of impact on a community. When time would allow I would also love to travel internationally for medical missions and be a leader in a global society. My upbringing, work, and education thus far have helped define who I am, and who I would like to become. I have selected your program because of your excellent academic reputation, your dedication to current and future research and your commitment to educating healthcare providers serving in rural communities. I feel I am ready to succeed in your program and that I have the skills necessary to excel.

Self Introduction Free Essays

Self Introduction My name is _________________. Last year, I was graduated from university and obtained a Bachelor Degree in Law. During my study in university, I always obtained good grades. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, I also do the Moot Court simulations, interviewing some diplomats, visits the House of Representatives, interviewing the staff of Ministry of Law and Human Rights as the tasks of certain subjects. These tasks had helped me practically. Besides studying, Learning about International Law has always been my excitement, but International Relationship in particular has attracted me. Working in an International Organization, discussing about latest world’s issues and creating a peaceful world are very alluring to me. So that I choose International Law or International Relationship to be my major in Master Degree. I believe many things that I haven’t known will be taught in these fields of study. Because I could not find Master Degree majoring in International Law or International Relationship in Indonesia, so I am motivated to apply to universities at another country outside Indonesia. Moreover, I will get a chance to interact with students from diverse professional and cultural backgrounds drawn from all over the world. The exposure is important for interaction and integration of diverse ideas and perspectives pertaining to various global issues; for the world is a mosaic of different cultures and a single perspective cannot apply in all these cultures. I also have a strong willing to study and to become a person who have a great experience of life. So I am very motivated to apply this scholarship program. I have been waiting for two years to applying this scholarship program since it held. I hope I can get this scholarship and fulfill my dreams to become a diplomat. Through this scholarship program, I am confidence that I will be more independence, reliable, good leader, and responsible for my future life ahead. As all we know that everybody can reach their goals in life as long as they work hardly, focus, and carry out strong effort to chase their dreams. As a proverb says, â€Å"There is a way if you have a will†. How to cite Self Introduction, Papers Self Introduction Free Essays â€Å"Time and tide wait for no man†, this we all know. Hence, having done my schooling in India for 12 years from a very prestigious school I did not want to waste time and I started studying for the aptitude tests which finally helped me land in United States of America. My name is Dhruv Tyagi and I am from India – a country known for diversities. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was born in New Delhi, the capital of India and was brought up in the city of NOIDA. This is where I learnt my mother tongue, Hindi. I was taught Hindi by my mother and this is the time where I developed a passion of learning new languages. By the grace of God I can speak four different languages and I crave to learn more while I am in United States. I was sent to The Cambridge School at a very early age. There my teachers made me capable of who I am today. It was just a weekend trip to a hill station, which developed a liking for mountaineering, trekking and doing adventurous things. I love travelling and knowing different cultures of the world. It was in School that I realized my love for machines and how they work. I remember, I was round 7 at that time, my parents gave me a toy train that used to run on a steam engine and the day I got I had unscrewed each and every part of the engine, just to see how it worked, and my love for Cars and machines wasn’t hidden from anyone. My parents wanted my sister to study BS, but looks like god wanted me to be the first Engineer in Tyagi family, so here I am studying in United States in New York Institute of Technology. I am studying Mechanical Engineering in the University at buffalo and want to work for McLaren Mercedes. A lot of people ask me, Why Mechanical Engineering? I always said, Money, but the truth is, that it’s fun to be between cars and machines’ all the time, to see a car build , to design a car etc. , plus whenever I see a car as fast as McLaren and Ferrari, I get an Adrenaline rush which keeps me going and I get a crave to build a car faster than that one, giving me a new challenge every time. Besides that I like to play soccer and field hockey. Field hockey is one game that flows in my family’s veins. My father and grandfather played hockey at professional level, so I was naturally inclined towards the game. But I was kind of sad to know only girls play hockey in United States. I also like to write poems in my native language and English, In English I have read poets like William Wordsworth, Rabindra Nath Tagore and was really impressed with this genre of this kind of writing. Finally, I would like to do something in life that would uphold my family’s honor and make them proud. Right now my priority is finishing my studies and looking for a good job so that I can go build that fastest car. How to cite Self Introduction, Papers Self Introduction Free Essays Attachment #2 (Self Introduction) * Please type or print clearly within 1 page using black ink. (in Korean or in English) (*10 points) My name is Aprillia Anggasari, a 22 years old engineering bachelor graduate from Indonesia. Since high school, learning science has become my major interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is why I choose engineering for my graduate subject to explore my science interest. Since July 2009, I study in Materials and Metallurgical Departement in Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Indonesia. In university, besides studied I also joined several student’s organization to improve my soft skill. I am interested in human resource development in organization. I think the development of human resource is very important to increase the quality of organization. With the high quality of the human resource, the organization will be run well because the member can do their job description well with their best performance. I dream one day I could contribute myself to improve Indonesian human resource development trough education. I want to be a biomaterials lecturer. I choose this field because I am interested in biology and materials engineering especially in medical application. I think this field is unique because we can combine biology science and materials engineering to solve health problem. Besides, the growth of human population and health awareness increase the demand of biomedical properties so that the technology of biomaterials is needed. By studying biomaterials, I hope that I could to be the expert of this field so that I can improve technology of biomaterials to help people and I also could contribute myself in education. I start to study biology since I was in High School and joined several olimpics in biology. Although I never win the olimpics but I still like biology because this subject is interesting for me. After I have graduated from high school, I got the chance to continue my study in materials and metallurgical departement and I found that any subject in this departement called biomaterial where I can use my engineering knowledge in medical application. I was really glad at that time because I found my favourite subject. In the middle of biomaterials class I was offered by my lecturer to join her project and finally I also took biomaterials as my final project. My final project is about Effect of Topography Surface on NiTi Orthodontic Wire Coating on Thermal Properties and Biocompatibility with BHK-21 Fibroblast Cell. In this project I tried to enhance the thermal properties and biocompatibility of orthodontic wire trough surface modification process. Working in biomaterials means working in multidiscipline subject so we have to collaborate not only knowledge but also people and it is very nice thing to do so that I enjoy this project. I really want to continue my study in master program. My supervisor lecturer gives me information that in Korea there is any university that has polymer departement. This departement also has biomaterial subject. This departement is in Pusan National University. After I try to find the information in this university website and also contact the professor, I search for scholarship to study there and finally I find KGSP. I think it is a good chance for me to study in Korea trough this program. This scholarship is great because it can help the student not only fulfill the study fee but also the language course too. It is helpful to make the student easy to communicate with people surround them in Korea. I hope that I can get this scholarship in order I can continue my study in Korea because this country provide high quality education trough numerous qualified institutions. Study in Korea would be a lifetime rewarding experience. I believe the study of biomaterials will provide the opportunity to enhance biomedical technology and help people to keep their health. I hope that I can contribute myself in biomaterials field in my country after I finish my study. In the end, I am looking forward to accept a prestigious opportunity to study in Korea. | | How to cite Self Introduction, Essay examples

Contemporary Issues in Society and Business

Question: Students analyse corporate scandal or controversy, examining its causes, its social and / or environmental impact, and the nurture and adequacy of response to it on the part of the wider industry or sector? Answer: Introduction As opined by Philip Kotler in his work Principles of Marketing as consumerism and environmentalism movements mature worldwide it has become essential for marketers to ensure that they are aware of the impact their actions have on society and environment (Grnewlder, 2008). Corporate Social Responsibility determines how organisations integrate corporate self-regulation into their business models (Coombs Holladay, 2011). CSR policies serve as a self-regulatory mechanism which help organisations monitor and control the activities in a way that they adhere to ethical standards, spirit of law and international norms. This report analyses the social responsibility issues associated with the Hershey Company sourcing its cocoa from West Africa which is accused for extensive child labor, forced labor and human trafficking. It identifies the root cause behind Hershey Companys failure to perform its responsibilities towards society and environment. The report also discussed the natures and adeq uacy of responses to such issues presented by the industry. Founded in year 1894, by Milton S. Hershey, The Hershey Company headquartered in Hershey, PA, is North Americas largest chocolate manufacturer (The Hershey Company, 2015). The company has wide international presence with facilities in more than 90 countries across the globe. The company considers is people as its most precious assets and thus employs 13,000 employees across the globe and put in their best to deliver high quality, delicious products to most valued customers. The company has recorded annual revenue of $ 7.1 billion and has more than 80 brands across the globe. In-spite being recognised as a global brand Hershey Company has been accused for sourcing its cocoa from West Africa where the cocoa farmers are known to use forced and child labor. Hershey Companys failure to meet its corporate social responsibility and its unethical sourcing of raw materials is showing adverse affects on its brand image across the globe. Analysis of Issues involved Hershey Company has failed to take the responsibility of its cocoa supply chain and has been accused to source most of its cocoa from West Africa which is plagued by abusive child labor. Apart from child labor there are number of social responsibilities issues associated with Hershey sourcing its cocoa from West Africa. Cocoa farmers in West African region are recognised as the major supplier of cocoa in world still they live in poverty while the chocolate corporations earn huge profits. These suppliers are not even paid enough to hire adult workers at cocoa plantation farmers. Statistics reveal that just 6.6% of the value of $1 Chocolate bar actually researches the farmers, 35.2% is received by chocolate manufacturers and 44.2% is received by retail and taxes (Nieburg, 2015). Sustainability efforts made by chocolate producing companies like Hershey are actually failing to address the actual problem of poverty faced by cocoa suppliers. Hershey company do not source cocoa that has been certified by independent organisations thus cannot ensure that their raw materials meet various social, labor and environmental standards. Hershey lacks well defined policies and procedures that help ensuring that the cocoa it has purchased is grown without the use of any form of labor exploitation. Hershey is not involved in ethical sourcing and fail to source Fair Trade Certified cocoa Causes behind the Issues The primary reasons behind the social responsibility issues identified above are; Unethical Sourcing: Hershey sources its cocoa from West Africa a region that is accused for abusive child labor, human trafficking and forced labor. It been more than 10 years since the worlds leading chocolate companies promised to tackle child labour still there are more than 80,000 children working for the cocoa industry in Ivory Coast, the worlds largest producer of cocoa (BBC News, 2011). These children are forced to work for long hours at the farms and are almost paid nothing. They are forced to indulge in dangerous jobs which result in lifelong injuries and even deaths (BBC News, 2011). Most of the families in West Africa are involved in cocoa production on small farmers and are not even able to earn a living income. They are paid really less for the beans thus they do not have enough money to employ adult workers and pay them fair wages. Hersey has been well aware of this fact since year 2001still its lacks control over its supply chain and continue to source from West Africa without ensuring that cocoa it purchases is free from labor rights abuses of any form. Hershey enjoys a market share of 42.5% in United States chocolate industry still it fails to ensure that its products do not use cocoa that is produced under most harmful conditions of abusive child labour Lack of Transparency: As stated by the 2010 Trafficking in Persons report there is no effective way to monitor a supply chain until it is traced all the way down to the raw materials. According to the report businesses are responsible for all the labor involved in their supply chain starting from the production of raw materials and in order to ensure compliance they must get all the actions verified by an independent third party. Hershey lacks well defined programs that can help them trace their cocoa supply chain and ensure that the farms from which they source their cocoa is not using abusive child labour in any form. Hershey Trust has clearly rejected investors proposal to institute supply chain transparency programs for the cocoa its sources in year 2006. The same happened in year 2008 which clearly reveals the companys unwillingness to increase transparency and accountability in their supply chain across the globe (Mills, 2014). These rejections on Hersheys part to provide trans parency into its supply chain are completely unacceptable especially when it is associated with serious issues of abusive child labour and human trafficking. According to Richard Lenny CEO of Hershey Company providing such confidential information and revealing weaknesses in companys supply chain to shareholders will adversely affect companys market position and competitive standing. This lack of transparency in Hershey Companys supply chain further encourage farmers involved in cocoa production to use child labor on their plantations. Greenwashing: Hershey has no policies and procedures in place that can help them ensure that the cocoa they purchase and use in their products is not produced using child labor. As an example of its social responsibility Hershey points out to various charitable donations it has made for children welfare in US and West Africa (Dragiewicz, 2014). Greenwashing is a term that defines the false actions of a company or an organisation wherein they indulge in extensive advertising and marketing spending huge time and money to claim they are green rather than actually implementing business practices that will benefit the environment (Blythe, 2013). Hershey Company presents a perfect example of greenwashing by pointing out its charitable activities in its corporate social responsibility reports but at the other end they avoid policies that can help tracking their global supply chain (Baird, et al., 2012). They pay less to cocoa farmers who are in turn forced to use child labor on their farms which is the only means of living for them. In the United States, Hershey Company makes significant efforts to support underserved children however fails to take adequate measures to ensure that rights of children are protected in the process of production of its main ingredients (Gustafson, 2014). Heshey points of a number of initiatives its has taken to improve the life of children in West Africa however no specific information is available on how these investment actually prevents use of child and forced labor on cocoa plantation farmers from where it purchases its cocoa. Lack of Certification: Consumer today form the heart of all business and marketing strategies(Ferrell Hartline, 2012). With a rapid increase in health education across the globe consumers today have changed their ways of buying eatables. Apart from the nutritional benefits associated with the product they are also keen to have complete knowledge about the source of ingredients used in its production (Belch Belch, 2011). They want to have complete information about the conditions under which the products are manufactured(Saxena, 2010). Consumers today expect companies to ensure that they are accountable for any labor and environmental issues in their supply chain. They expect companies to have strong policies to protect workers right(Sahaf, 2008). They want companies to ensure that commitments made by them on paper are actually implemented in an effective manner and are monitored and audited by independent third parties. In order to create a sustainable supply chain for cocoa it is essential that certification schemes are implemented by chocolate companies. These certification schemes help ensuring that cocoa is produced according to specified social and environmental standards. Fair Trade, UTZ certified, Rainforest Alliance and Organic certification are some of the certification programs that are used by cocoa sector of West Africa (Bhagwati, 2007). Very few of Hersheys chocolate products are Fair Trade certified making the company lag behind competitors in development of a sustainable cocoa supply chain. Social and Environmental Impact of Issues Unethical sourcing of cocoa from West African region has serious adverse affects on the local communities and environment of the area. West Africa is the worlds largest producer and supplier of cocoa (Bloxham, 2012). Around 70% of worlds cocoa supply comes from the Ivory Coast. Reports reveal that Hershey sources its cocoa from suppliers who use abusive child labor. As the farmers are paid very less they are forced to employ cheap labor in order to keep production cost low (Baines, et al., 2013). They are even not paid enough to employ adult labor thus indulge in appointing child labor and human trafficking. Statistics reveal that children working at cocoa plantations are between 12-15 years of age and some are even as small as 5 years old (Baird, et al., 2012). It is estimated that child labor is being employed by about two-third of African farms. The International Labor Organisation in year 2007 conducted a research which reveals that around 284,000 children worked for cocoa farms in Ivory Coast under hazardous conditions which included activities like working with sharp objects, safety equipments, and pesticides and in an environment full of harmful animals, inspects and snakes (Baird, et al., 2012). A survey conducted by the Tulane University and the Government of Ivory Coast the cocoa business use around 819,921 as underpaid labors. With a rise in demand of cocoa beans globally the cases of labor exploitation has witnessed a tremendous increase. Child labor is serious offense which not only spoils the life of children involved but also affects the growth of the society as a whole. It is the primary reason behind the growth of illiteracy rate and poverty of the region (Taylor, 2006). Child labor has serious consequences like malnutrition, life threaten injuries, conical diseases and even deaths. It is hampering the economical development of the region and its culture. Nature and Adequacy of Response to Issues A rise in the serious issue of child labor in West African region has considerably drawn attention of organisations and corporations that are sourcing their raw materials from the region. A number of laws, initiatives and measure have been implemented by them in order to reduce child labor in the region for cocoa plantation business (Boone Kurtz, 2015). In Africa a law prohibits children under the age of 14 years from getting involved into business sector except on family farms. A number of worlds leading organisation has come together in support of ethical sourcing of cocoa by implementing policies and relying on third-part certifications that help them ensuring that the cocoa they purchase is not produced using child labor or other forms of labor exploitations (Halbert Ingulli, 2014). A number of organisations work globally to minimise the child labor issues present in the cocoa business. Some of these organisations are; World cocoa Foundation (WCF), Sustainable Tree Crops Progra m (STCP), Harkin-Engel Protocol, International Cocoa Initiative (ICI) and International Labor Organisation (ILO) (Baird, et al., 2012). There are a number of third-part certifications that help ensuring that cocoa is produced ethically. Some of these certifications recognised worldwide are; Fair Trade, UTZ Certified, Rainforest Alliance and Organic (Mills, 2014). All these help chocolate producing companies ensure they have built a sustainable supply chain. Commentary In order to gather evidence and data for the assignment the articles mentioned in the appendices section are used. These are all articles from renowned online websites that have a long history of publishing trustworthy data. They all focus on the social responsibility issue of child labour associated with Hershey Companys unethical sourcing of cocoa from West African region which accused for using abusive child labor, forced labor and human trafficking on their cocoa plantation farms. All these five articles bring out the dark side of worlds largest manufacturer of chocolate and other confectionaries. They show how Hershey Company presents a perfect example of greenwashing wherein they are investing huge money in advertisements and marketing techniques to show that they are performing their responsibilities towards the society and environment and are involved in charitable activities to ensure well being of underserved children but on the other side they are sourcing their cocoa from West Africa which is plagued by child labour. These articles speak about how the farmers in West Africa are merely able to earn their living while the companies that purchase the cocoa produced by them are actually earning exceptionally high profits. In-spite being the worlds largest producer of cocoa West Africa is poverty struck and owing to this fact they rely on child labor which helps them in keeping the production cost low. The video presented by the BBC make the audience feel miserable for the children who are forced to work in cocoa farms and even indulge in dangerous activities. The video actually makes the audience feel the pain felt by small children when they get injured working with hazardous substances. The other articles present in details the statistical figures that reveal the number of children and their average age who are being used at cocoa plantations. They also inform the readers how these children are kept far away from their families and are treated as animals. They are not even paid minimum wages and at times even denied meals. The articles focus on the increase in demand of consumers to know about the exact source of production of products. Consumers today want organisations to take complete responsibility of sourcing their products from suppliers that are not involved in unethical activities. It is important that business ensure that perform their duties towards their society and e nvironment. The articles inform the readers about Hershey Companys rejection to shareholders request to increase transparency in the supply chain and their lack of policies that help ensuring cocoa used in their products is not produced using child labor. The articles suggest ways by which Hershey can increase the sustainability of its supply chain and ensure children rights are protected in West African cocoa farms. All the articles conclude by informing Harshey Company that its high time they should take the responsibility of their cocoa supply chain. Appendices https://www.confectionerynews.com/Commodities/Poverty-in-cocoa-ignored-in-sustainablity-drive-Cocoa-Barometer-2015 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15686731 https://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/Hershey%20Case.pdf www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-03-18/hershey-judge-says-shareholders-can-seek-child-labor-files-1- https://www.confectionerynews.com/Manufacturers/Court-refuses-to-dismiss-Hershey-child-labor-case References Baines, P., Fill, C. Page, K., (2013) Essentials of Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Baird, H., Guevara, N. Karpechenko, A., (2012) The Hershey Company and West African Cocoa Communities. [Online] Available at: https://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/Hershey%20Case.pdf [Accessed 2015]. BBC News, (2011) Cocoa farms in Ivory Coast still using child labour. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15686731 [Accessed 2015]. Belch, G. Belch, M., (2011) Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective. Chicago: McGraw-Hill Education. Bhagwati, J., (2007) In Defense of Globalization: With a New Afterword. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bloxham, E., (2012) Chocolate and child labor: A hurdle for Hershey. [Online] Available at: https://fortune.com/2012/11/16/chocolate-and-child-labor-a-hurdle-for-hershey/ [Accessed 2015]. Blythe, J., (2013) Principles and Practice of Marketing. London: Sage. Boone, L. Kurtz, D., (2015) Contemporary Marketing. New York: Cengage Learning. Coombs, W. T. Holladay, S. J., (2011) Managing Corporate Social Responsibility: A Communication Approach. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Dragiewicz, M., (2014) Global Human Trafficking: Critical Issues and Contexts. New Jersey: Routledge. Ferrell, O. C. Hartline, M., (2012) Marketing strategy. New York: Cengage Learning. Grnewlder, A., (2008) Corporate social responsibility: Implementation in German companies. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. Gustafson, E., (2014) We the Eaters: If We Change Dinner, We Can Change the World. London: Rodale. Halbert, T. Ingulli, E., (2014) Law and Ethics in the Business Environment. New York: Cengage Learning. Mills, A., (2014) Child Labour and Slavery in the Chocolate Industry. [Online] Available at: https://www.foodispower.org/slavery-chocolate/ [Accessed 2015]. Nieburg, O., (2015) Extreme poverty ignored in sustainable cocoa drive, say NGOs. [Online] Available at: https://www.confectionerynews.com/Commodities/Poverty-in-cocoa-ignored-in-sustainablity-drive-Cocoa-Barometer-2015 [Accessed 2015]. Sahaf, M. A., (2008) STRATEGIC MARKETING: Making Decisions for Strategic Advantage. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Saxena, R., (2010) Marketing Management 4E. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Taylor, A. J. W., (2006) Justice as a Basic Human Need. New York: Nova Publishers. The Hershey Company, (2015) Company Profile. [Online] Available at: https://www.thehersheycompany.com/investors/company-profile.aspx [Accessed 2015].

Aspects of Internet Censorship by the Government

Aspects of Internet Censorship by the Government Introduction Internet can be defined as computer networks interconnection using a standard protocol to provide information to the entire world irrespective of where one is at any time (Garcia 32). The networks compose of public computers, learning institutions computers, business enterprises computers and private organization computers for local and global scope.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Aspects of Internet Censorship by the Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Earlier the internet was being referred to as the information super highway, its’ main aim of was to avail limitless information to everyone who needs it as fast as possible. Internet censorship refers to the act of controlling information access through the internet. Main motives of internet censorship vary from one website to another (â€Å"Research profiles.† 1). Main reasons are children protection from harmful and expl icit material, enabling grown up avoid contents that may compromise their community and personal standards, imposition of a moral framework in adult communication through the internet, and blocking of information material that is illegal to possess according to the government of a particular country under consideration. The government uses various techniques to censor internet depending on the content they want to restrict. It does so through the use of program software called web filters or censor ware. Internet censorship Main techniques for internet censorship include, IP blocking technique, this target website hosted by a common server. The entire websites hosted by that particular IP address are blocked (â€Å"Research profiles† 1).Whenever one tries to access them he/she is denied the access rights. Filtering domain name server (DNS) method, in this method the domain name is not resolved hence one is unable to access the site. This method uses software that restrict res olving of the domain name, as a result the target website is unavailable. Packet filtering method, this technique uses keywords in filtering the content to be accessed, if the keyword is detected the site content is blocked. Another method is through the use of the uniform resource locator (URL), it uses keywords to block censored site from access. When one try to access a website the uniform resource locator is checked if it consists of the restricting keyword, if the keyword is found in the URL the site become unavailable. Reasons for censorship Different government censors the internet due to different reasons, some may be reasonable and varied, while others are misuse of the power by the government. This has created a controversial situation of whether the government should carry out internet censorship or not (Kenny 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Different pe ople have different views depending on the perspective one look the situation from, each any everyone has reason and evidence to support his/her theory. The positive aspects of internet censorship by the government around the world are immense. World internet censorship ratings Blue No censorship Yellow Some censorship Red Country under surveillance from Reporters without Borders Grey Internet black holes (most heavily censored nations) The rule makers and enforcers should work hand in hand. Their Failure to cooperate leads the rule amounting to nothing. The social contract theory was developed by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes; it argues that without rules and a systematic way of enforcing them the efforts amount to nothing. It uses the concept of cooperation between involved parties, they mutually resolve to follow laid down guidelines.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Aspects of Internet Censorship by the Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The guidelines are the rules set to benefit the people socially. All agree there should be rules laid down and the government should ensure they are enforced to all irrespective of one position. This theory was develop due to no man has authority over others naturally, hence there was need to establish contracts based on covenants. For censorship to be effective the law enforces and the designers should be one body (Eid 1). Currently there are many unethical action been carried out, since the enforcers have absconded their duties. Regulations that govern the internet ethic are no longer being observed while the law enforces are enforcing new rules at will without consulting. Recently the government of Afghanistan censored interactive sites without even consulting. This shows there is a link between the enforcers and the law makers. The rules are desirable if the effect s of their consequences is positive. If the consequences are negat ive then the rule is undesirable. The theory of rule utilitarianism was developed as a result of weaknesses in the act utilitarianism theory. The morals theory argues that an action is morally right, if the consequences of an action results to an increase in the level of happiness. The theory uses the rules when explaining the moral values of an individual contrary to the act utilitarianism which uses the principle of utility (â€Å"Introduction to Content Filtering† 7). It tries to exploit the fact that the rules are universally adoptable, hence result to immense happiness. Rule utilitarianism and Kantianism are similar in that they use the rule to base their argument. The difference between the two is that rule utilitarian emphasis on the action consequences while the Kantianism emphasizes on the action motive. It encourages universal adoption of an action that will increase the pleasure of the affected subjects. In the year 2003 August, a worm by the name of blaster infect ed computer system using windows operating system .The worm exploited a security loophole in the windows operating system. It resulted to excess network traffic and also disabled some of the networks. The infection resulted to computer rebooting itself continually. Another worm named Nachi was developed to exploit the same loophole, but did not infect those immune to the blaster worm. On contrary Nachi worm accessed the computer in the network to destroy blaster worm copies and also to download patches of windows to fix the loophole problem. According to the computer ethics introduction of harmful malware in a network is unethical and prohibited. According to the rule utilitarian it was morally correct since the consequences of the action increased pleasure to the affected subject.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Impact on the society The consequences of an action do not matter. What matters are the actions themselves. The act utilitarianism theory was developed by philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. This contradicted the earlier theory of Kantianism. It based its’ argument on the fact that an action is termed to be good if the result benefit a person and undesirable if the action harm someone. The theory was founded on the principle of utility, where the action is gauged to be right or wrong depending on the effect on the level of happiness on the concerned party. This theory measures the morality by determining the rise or fall of happiness on the concerned party. Attitude behind an action is not relevant in this argument, what is of more concern is the consequences of the actions. Being in this context is used to refer to anything that may experiences happiness and sadness. From the definition the being not only refers to the humans but also other mammals. It is hard to measure utility thus several attribute have been selected to weigh the effect of an action on the pain and pleasure (Carter 1). Intensity measures the experience extent, certainty measures the likelihood, and duration measures the experience length, extent measures the number of being affected, purity measures the concentration of pain or pleasure, and fecundity measures the ability replicate the experience. Freedom without limit is always abused; most internet users do not observe the internet rules set aside to govern access of information. Almost all government censors sensitive government information or the information is not availed to the internet users. The explicit material in the internet should be restricted to avoid underage from accessing them. Most of the Muslim dominant countries pornographic materials have been completely censored. This ensures the young ones are protected from obscene materials. The action of the government is essential to maintain a morally uprig ht generation in censoring some materials. Due to the complex internet network the government cannot leave the censoring action to parents or private companies, it has to undertake the action itself. The will motivating an action should be the basis of judging an action whether morally right or wrong. An action may not be moral but the motive was moral. The Kantianism` theory was developed by a philosopher named Immanuel Kant. His argument was, people action and deeds should be based on moral laws which are universally acceptable. Citing the bible examples to support his theory, he believed for any supreme moral law to hold it must be based upon some reasoning. Someone who is a Kantian should be able to state something whether it is good or bad and qualify it using specific and varied reasoning. It entails more than arguing whether something is morally right or wrong. The main reasoning was something may be morally right, yet it can be used wrongly to harm others or cause conflict. In this world there are barely good things without need to qualify them to be good. Only good will can be termed to be good, since there is no need to qualify it to be good. An action cannot be termed to be good simply due to the beneficial results; something good is good irrespective of the outcome from the action. What we are meant to do is more important than what we do. We should act out of morals instilled in use rather than what we feel we should do, our moral should be the driving force upon our actions. The oppressive regime use this theory to suppress it citizen and deprive them information access. They censor interactive sites to intimidate those opposing their agenda. Late 2009 China censored interactive site especially in Tibet area. This was meant to curb growing defiance against the government It is hard to say that the consequences of an action do not matter; what’s matter is the action itself. People are more concerned in the results not the way the results ha ve been achieved. Kantianism theory advocate that the motive is what’s matters not he actual result of the actions. If you have a granary infested with rats, there are different ways to remedy the situation. If you burn down the whole granary it is an option but at what cost. As much as the motive of an action is good the consequence are dire. As much as the government may have good motives and intention in censoring the internet, caution should be taken to ensure the consequences do not outweigh the gains. The Kantianism theory should not be employed much in censoring as it may result to undesirable dire consequences. January this year the Iran government censored all interactive site, in a mission to curb government critics who were using them to sell their ideas. In addition they also banned women right websites; this caused more harm than good. It also denied the woman their rights to voice out their view; such school of thought belongs to the Stone Age where women were c onsidered inferior. Error analyses of filters Filtering Product Misdetection False Alarm Error Rate Smart Filter 15% 7% 11% Surf Watch 12% 7% 10% Web Sense 17% 9% 13% I-Gear 36% 10% 23% Cyber Patrol 16% 7% 11% N2H2 14% 7% 11% Conclusion Government Internet censorship is not meant to suppress the society of information access, although it may result not unanticipated negative result. Every government actions to censor internet access are meant for the better of its citizen. But there are isolated cases, where the government censors internet access using unvaried bases. This may result the country citizen being left behind in the fast growing global village. The reason for censoring internet should be clearly defined and measures put in place to protect the law from being abused. The law should also clearly define the method and modes to be used in censoring to avoid safe site from being blocked due to criterion used to block. From the theories discussed above, it i s clear from the different approaches the main objective of all is the effect of censoring to the people. They all agree if censoring result to positive effect then it is worthy but if it is harmful then it is harmful to the same people it ought to be protecting. Irrespective of the reasons behind the censoring of the internet the result should be positive, it should not affect the people’s majority negatively. Whether it uses the rules, consequences of the action or the will motivating the action, the moral effect should be upheld at all times. Internet should be used for moral upright or justifiable action at all time. The internet ethos should be upheld and observed by all internet users indiscriminately of their position. Error analysis of filters for the distinct data set Filtering Product Misdetection False Alarm Error Rate Smart Filter 13% 4% 8% Surf Watch 12% 11% 11% Web Sense 12% 7% 10% I-Gear 36% 7% 21% Cyber Patrol 15% 9% 12% N2H2 11% 1% 6% Compl ete censoring of the internet is contrary to the objective of having it and unhealthy to the people. The main aim of the internet is information sharing among the users and all information about any subject across the world should be accessible from anywhere in the world (Edelman 2). Censoring result to discriminated information sharing and result to the internet falling short of its main objective. This hurt many sector in the world from business to entertainment. Although internet censoring is essential, it should be done up to a certain level where it cause more good than harm to the people. Carter, Wendy. â€Å"How to write a thesis statement.† 2003- July 27, 2010. tadafinallyfinished.com/how-to-write-a-thesis-statement.html Edelman, Benjamin. â€Å"Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi Arabia.† July 27, 2010, http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/saudiarabia/ Eid, Gamal. â€Å"The Internet in the Arab World A Space for Repression?† Reports and Pres s Releases. The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information. 2004- July 27, 2010 anhri.net/en/reports/net2004 Garcia_Murillo, M. â€Å"Assessing the impact of Internet Telephony on the deployment of telecommunications infrastructure.† July 27, 2010. http://faculty.ischool.syr.edu/mgarciam/Research/ppr%20IP%20telephonyIEP05.pdf Introduction to Content Filtering. â€Å"What is this service?† July 27, 2010. isu.net.sa/saudi-internet/contenet-filtring/filtring.htm Kenny, Aaron. â€Å"Inside Internet Filtering.† 2009- July 27, 2010, insideinternetfiltering.com/category/government/ Kuwait. â€Å"Research profiles.† July 27, 2010, http://opennet.net/research/profiles/kuwait Saudi Arabia. â€Å"Research Profiles.† July 27, 2010, http://opennet.net/research/profiles/saudi-arabia

Biography of Howard Hughes, Businessman and Aviator

Biography of Howard Hughes, Businessman and Aviator Howard Hughes (December 24, 1905–April 5, 1976) was an American businessman, movie producer, aviator, and philanthropist. Over the course of his life, he amassed a fortune of $1.5 billion. Though Hughes had many accomplishments in his professional career, he is now best remembered for his final years as an eccentric recluse. Fast Facts: Howard Hughes Known For: Hughes was a businessman, film producer, and aviator known for his immense wealth and eccentric lifestyle.Also Known As: Howard Robard Hughes Jr.Born: December 24, 1905 in Humble or Houston, TexasParents: Howard R. Hughes Sr. and Allene Stone GanoDied: April 5, 1976 in Houston, TexasEducation: California Institute of Technology, Rice UniversityAwards and Honors: Congressional Gold Medal, International Air Space Hall of FameSpouse(s): Ella Rice (m. 1925–1929), Jean Peters (m. 1957–1971) Early Life Howard Hughes was born in either Humble or Houston, Texas, on December 24, 1905. Hughes father, Howard Hughes Sr., made his fortune by designing a drill bit that could penetrate hard rock. Prior to this invention, oil drillers werent able to reach the large pockets of oil lying beneath such rock. Howard Hughes Sr. and a colleague established the Sharp-Hughes Tool Company, which held the patent for the new drill bit, manufactured it, and leased it to oil companies. Though he grew up in a wealthy household, Howard Hughes Jr. had difficulty focusing on his studies and changed schools often. Rather than sitting in a classroom, Hughes preferred to learn by tinkering with mechanical things. For instance, when his mother forbade him from having a motorcycle, he built one himself by assembling a motor and adding it to his bicycle. Hughes was a loner in his youth. With one notable exception, he never really had any friends. Family Tragedy and Inheritance When Hughes was just 16 years old, his doting mother passed away. Then, not even two years later, his father suddenly died. Howard Hughes received 75 percent of his fathers million-dollar estate (the other 25 percent went to relatives). Hughes immediately disagreed with his relatives over the running of Hughes Tool Company, but being only 18 years old, Hughes could not do anything about it. He would not legally be considered an adult until he reached the age of 21. Frustrated but determined, Hughes went to court and got a judge to grant him legal adulthood. He then bought out his relatives shares of the company. At age 19, Hughes became the full owner of the company. That same year he married Ella Rice, his first wife. Film Production In 1925, Hughes and his wife decided to move to Hollywood and spend some time with Hughes uncle Rupert, who was a screenwriter. Hughes quickly became enchanted with movie making. He jumped right in and produced a film called Swell Hogan. He quickly realized the film wasnt good, however, and never released it. Hughes learned from his mistakes and continued making films. Two Arabian Knights, his third film, won an Oscar for Best Comedy Direction in 1929. With this success under his belt, Hughes decided to make an epic about aviation and set to work on Hells Angels, the story of two British pilots set during World War I. The film became Hughes obsession. His wife, tired of being neglected, divorced him. Hughes continued making films and produced more than 25 of them, including Scarface and The Outlaw. Aviation In 1932, Hughes developed a new obsession- aviation. He formed the Hughes Aircraft Company, bought several airplanes, and hired numerous engineers and designers to help him design a faster plane. He spent the rest of the 1930s setting new speed records. He flew around the world in 1938, breaking Wiley Posts record. Though Hughes was given a ticker-tape parade upon his arrival in New York, he was already showing signs of wanting to shun the public spotlight. In 1944, Hughes won a government contract to design a large, flying boat that could carry both people and supplies to the war in Europe. The Hughes H-4 Hercules (also known as the Spruce Goose), the largest plane ever constructed, was flown successfully in 1947 but never flew again. Hughes was involved in several accidents during his aviation career, including one that killed two people and left Hughes with major injuries. A near-fatal crash in 1946 left Hughes with a crushed lung, cracked ribs, and third-degree burns. During his recovery, he enlisted the help of engineers to design a new hospital bed. Reclusion By the mid-1950s, Hughes dislike of being a public figure began to severely affect his life. Though he married actress Jean Peters in 1957, he began avoiding public appearances. He traveled for a bit and in 1966 he moved to Las Vegas, where he holed himself up in the Desert Inn Hotel. When the hotel threatened to evict him, he purchased the hotel. Hughes also bought several other hotels and properties in Las Vegas. For the next several years, hardly a single person saw him. He had become so reclusive that he almost never left his hotel suite. At this time, Hughes was suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder and germophobia. Death In 1970, Hughes marriage ended and he left Las Vegas. He moved from one country to another and died in 1976 aboard an airplane while traveling from Acapulco, Mexico, to Houston, Texas. Hughes had become such a hermit in his final years- and his physical health had so deteriorated- that no one was quite sure it was he who had died, so the Treasury Department had to use fingerprints to confirm his death. Legacy Hughes is perhaps best remembered for his contributions to the American film industry and for his eccentric behavior. His film archive- a collection of over 200 works- is now part of the Academy Film Archive. Hughes life has been the subject of numerous films, including The Amazing Howard Hughes, Melvin and Howard, and The Aviator. Sources Bartlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele.  Empire: The Life, Legend, and Madness of Howard Hughes. W.W. Norton, 1980.Higham, Charles.  Howard Hughes: The Secret Life. Virgin, 2011.

Investigation the Consumer Needs and Quality Marketing Essay

Investigation the Consumer Needs and Quality Marketing - Essay Example In order to meet consumer requirements and behavior, marketing research is conducted. Marketing Research helps to identify an appropriate marketing mix. Marketing Mix is actually the right combination of product, price, place, and promotion. Such research may either be formal or informal. Behavior that influences a consumer to prefer one brand over another is known as Consumer Behavior. It is all about the choices and preferences of a final consumer. McGraw-Hill/Irwin defined Consumer Behavior as The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Marketers use this knowledge to product design and price determination. Before making a purchase, consumers go through five stages of decision-making process such as; need recognition and problem awareness, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. First of all, the consumer recognizes his need. For example, a need for water in thirst. Then a consumer finds out the options available to meet his deprivation.